By Dennis Gruending

Catholics have a rich body of social teaching but their universities don’t teach it, their priests don’t preach it, and many people in the pews either do not know about it or are indifferent, says Joe Gunn, a long-time Catholic activist. Gunn spoke to the Faith and Public Life class at the Ottawa Lay School of Theology on February 16th. He spent seven years serving refugees throughout Central America and on NGO projects. He was later director of the Social Affairs office for the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Gunn has also worked widely in ecumenical coalitions and is now executive director of Citizens for Public Justice, a faith-based group based in Ottawa.

Alberta oil sands 

Gunn began his remarks by talking about a pastoral letter issued in January 2009 by Most Rev. Luc Bouchard, the Bishop of St. Paul, a Catholic diocese in Alberta that is home to much of the province’s rapid energy development. The letter is called The Integrity of Creation and the Athabasca Oil Sands, and in it the bishop writes, “I am forced to conclude that the integrity of creation in the Athabasca Oil Sands is clearly being sacrificed for economic gain…and constitutes a serious moral problem.” Gunn says that while the letter originated from a Catholic bishop, it has implications for everyone. “The bishop was taking Catholic social teaching and applying it to the questions of everyday life in his community.”

Gunn adds that the principles underlying Bishop Bouchard’s letter were thoroughly researched and carefully based upon Catholic theological principles, papal statements on social doctrine, upon pastoral letters on ecology from bishops around the world, and on previous statements made by Canada’s Catholic bishops. The response, as judged by letters to the editor in newspapers, ranged from indifference to contempt. “Tell the bishop to mind his own business,” said one letter. “He should focus on trying to make the church relevant again rather than trying to make government policy.”  Another stated, “Yes, he is entitled to his opinion … point taken, now back to church, eh?”

Papal encyclicals  

Gunn says that modern Catholic social teaching dates back to 1891 when Pope Leo XIII issued a papal document (encyclical) called Rerum Novarum, which, translated from its Latin title, means Of New Things. Gunn says that Pope Leo was responding to the industrial revolution in Europe, when people left the countryside to live in crowded cities where they worked long hours in dreary factories and lived in poor and unsanitary conditions. Traditional communities were breaking down and the church was fearful about losing its influence with the new working class. “The pope talked about a just wage for workers and about their right to join unions, and the church also began to shift its allegiances from monarchies toward liberal democracies.”

Gunn says that a second major encyclical prepared by Pope Pius XI in 1931 “defended private property but insisted that the right to property carried social obligations.” The document was also driven by the church’s fear and loathing of communism and of socialism. The church promoted the liberal state and supported moderate reform, although it attempted to direct that reform through Catholic organizations – trade unions, youth groups, family movements, even Catholic-inspired Christian democratic political parties. The Second Vatican Council, which was convened by Pope John XXIII in 1961, opened the church to greater dialogue with the world and with other Christian faiths and world religions.

Gunn says that another great change began to occur in the 1960s and 70s. Pope Paul VI wrote an encyclical called Populorum Progressio (On the Development of Peoples), which talked about the growing need to respond to the needs of the global south. Gunn says this spurred Catholics in Canada to set up an international aid agency (Development and Peace) at a time when other Canadian churches were establishing similar organizations. But by the 1970s the paradigm was shifting again. “We began to understand that we had to do more than be generous. We were called to be in solidarity with the poor and their movements for justice. Liberation theology explicitly maintains that the victims must be the transformers who take social change into their own hands.”

Ecumenical coalitions 

Gunn says that in these years that Canada’s Catholic bishops produced good statements on a variety of issues, including hunger, northern development and unemployment. He says people in Canadian churches also began to work together in ecumenical coalitions.  The extent and depth of that work represents a uniquely Canadian contribution to the international church. He laments that the churches have, in recent years, drastically reduced their financial support for the coalitions. “They are under-resourced and under-staffed and the cuts made in 2008 alone were abominable.” Gunn says that as a result “Christians are consistently punching below their weight in advocacy in Ottawa. We are unable to show that our action campaigns are having an impact comparable to the weight of the Christian population of the country.”

Gunn says, finally, that Christian churches are being confronted by a new dynamic. “For a long time Christianity was a religion centred in Europe, then North America — but soon a majority of Christians will live elsewhere. What will we do when Christians elsewhere point to our wealth compared to their poverty, or about how our wasteful energy consumption is leading to ecological crisis?” Gunn adds that another important dialogue will have to occur among the world’s major religions if we are to live in peace rather than perpetual conflict.

By Dennis Gruending

You cannot be a person of faith without being political, says Paul Dewar, the New Democratic Party MP for Ottawa Centre. Dewar spoke to the Faith and Public Life class at the Ottawa Lay School of Theology on February 9th.  “Faith and politics are congruent and we have no option but to be political if we are going to live the gospel. We have to constantly question what the Christian message is, and we can never stop trying to change the way things are in society.” Dewar says that for him the word “political” includes electoral politics but also transcends it. “Our response to faith must be lived out in community,” he says. “Faith is something that we must do and not only think about.”

Dewar talked about how he grew up in a Catholic household in Ottawa in the post-Vatican II era in the 1960s. “My parents were both deeply involved in their church and they extended that into the community. Their faith, their community and their attempt to live the gospel were all of one woven cloth.” Dewar says that their parish priest, a member of the Basilian order, was also a valuable member of the community. “He was quiet and intelligent and able to work with others.” Through him, Dewar became involved in Alleluia House, a project inspired by Jean Vanier (who later created L’Arche) to have a community for people who were developmentally delayed. “These people were not unusual to me, they were my neighbours,” adds Dewar.

Dewar says that his parents’ participation in the Catholic Family Movement in the 1960s “levered their social action.” Initially it was Dewar’s father Ken who was the more political member of the family, but it was his mother Marion, a public health nurse, who eventually ran for public office. “She was involved in the church and extended that into the community and she got into public life in that way.” Marion Dewar became the mayor of Ottawa in 1978 and later served as an NDP Member of Parliament. “I was raised in the Catholic church but in the social democratic faith as well,” Dewar says, “but I would say that it was a 75-25 per cent quotient of faith over politics that influenced who I am.”

He says that it was not easy for Catholics of his parent’s generation to be social democrats (members of the CCF and later the New Democratic Party) because of opposition from many Catholic bishops. Dewar referred a book called Catholics and Canadian Socialism, written by former priest and academic Gregory Baum. In it Baum documents how bishops in Quebec and Saskatchewan in the 1930s and 40s forbade Catholics to support the CCF. The bishops’ in their criticism failed to draw a distinction between communism and the democratic socialism of people like J.S. Woodsworth and Tommy Douglas, who ironically were also religious ministers.

The bishops’ campaign was not entirely successful, Dewar says. “There were agrarian radicals like Joe Burton in Humboldt, Saskatchewan who challenged the church by running for the CCF. We also had Catholic labour people and activists in places such as Antigonish, Nova Scotia doing the same thing. The bishops neither welcomed nor expected debate on these matters but some people began to challenge the church and the Vatican.”

Dewar says that as he grew older and attended university he took a break from the church. “But it never left me. I kept reading and thinking and questioning.” At one point his mother introduced him to the mayor of Managua and following completion of his first university degree Dewar spent six months working in Nicaragua. “I was influenced by what I saw happening in the Christian community there. I saw how poor people who had been in a paternalistic relationship with the church used liberation theology to understand what the gospel was all about. They discovered that social justice and the sharing of resources was what Christ was talking about. I had never seen this manifested to such a degree. It was when I came back from Nicaragua that I came back to the church.”

Dewar became a teacher and later became involved in his union. He was vice-president of the Ottawa Carleton Elementary School Teachers’ Federation and helped establish the teachers’ Humanity Fund, providing donations to projects in developing countries. He was elected to the House of Commons in 2006 and again in 2008. He was asked following his presentation at the Lay School if he talks publicly about his religion in political settings. “Not often,” he replied. “I am prepared to talk openly about faith in settings such as this class, but when speaking in a political capacity I am reluctant to do so because I fear I could be misunderstood, and I do not want to use religion to score political points.”

Dewar says his mother was an example to him in this way as well. “Many people who attended my mother’s funeral and an associated event at Ottawa city hall were surprised to hear about the depth of her faith. She was profoundly spiritual but she was also aware of where faith belonged. She did not place her Catholic faith in the forefront in her public life, and she was also very open to all faiths and religions.”